David Noble is professor at York University in Toronto and a former MIT professor where he penned Forces of Production in 1977. He is most well-known for his description of the modern management system of automation in factories in the US in the 1970s and 1980s where decision making power was deliberately removed from workers and put entirely into the hands of management. He has broadened the scope of automation management to include the education field, in particular diploma mills. This entry should be automation and linked from TESOL Certificate, but automation is already taken.