The city of Córdoba in al-Andalus, under the rule of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, was besieged, attacked, and finally conquered by forces under rival Umayyad claimant Sulayman ibn al-Hakam twice: from 1009 to 1010 and from 1010 to 1013. Sulayman's victory, and the massacres and sacking that followed have been linked to the decline and end of Umayyad rule.