In the 1820's, the Brazilian Revolution had unofficially started, as Brazil gained its independence. Portuguese rebels ousted regions in Lisbon and convoked liberal parliament. The new government tried to strengthen its ties to Brazil, which had weakened when the royal family moved to Rio de Janeiro. The British now feared losing their influence over Portugal and Brazil, so the British advised João VI [1] to return to Europe, which he did in 1821. Before leaving for Europe, João left his 23-year-old son, Pedro [2], to accept the local throne. However, the Parliament demanded that Pedro must accompany his father to Europe, but Pedro refused, and after seeking the counsel members, Pedro threw his sword to the ground and shouted, "Independence or death." On December 1st, 1822, Dom Pedro was c