According Keown, et al., Samaya may be defined as: * A particular system of teaching or doctrines; * The conduct required of a tantric practitioner, often as a set of vows or commitments; * The realization (abhisamaya) of Buddhahood; * In Tantric Buddhism, union with the Three Vajras, the body, speech and mind of the Buddha. Jamgon Kongtrul comments on the Lamrim Yeshe Ningpo that samaya is established by taking empowerment and samaya is the manner in which practitioners "preserve the life-force of that empowerment within your being".