The Austrian Wars were a series of geopolitical conflicts that occurred starting with the 1949 Partition of Austria, in which the old Austrian Empire split into the sovereign nations of the Kingdom of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary, which previously had shared a single ruler, and the ensuing nationalist coup d'etat in Hungary which toppled the short-lived monarchy there. The Austrian Wars resulted in the splintering of the old Austrian Empire, which had been federalized in 1917 under Franz Ferdinand. While states such as Bohemia and East and West Galicia quickly separated from the new Austrian borders without much violence, there was much bloodshed in Hungary, which immediately defederalized in the fall of 1949 after the Szalasi coup that summer and began a campaign of "Magyarization," in