The German word Wiedergutmachung after World War II refers to the reparations that the German government agreed to pay in 1953 to the direct survivors of the Holocaust, and to those who were made to work as forced labour or who otherwise became victims of the Nazis. The sum would amount, through the years, to over 100 billion Deutsch Marks. Historian Tony Judt writes about Wiedergutmachung: In the former East Germany, Wiedergutmachung was mostly directed to Poland and the former USSR. An unusual compensation was to the Republic of Ireland, a neutral country, for bombings in 1941.