| abstract
| - Basic Grammar of mondeza, a simplified isolating conlang derived from mondlango! I, doctor M. Ali, 61 years, made it in 2011, by eliminating many affixes! Like glosa, the word never changes. Using small articles (ia veni =came), the words become very expressive and easy! pronunciation: c=CHurCH; g= go; j= jam; x=SHe; others are like in English. There is only one article in mondeza -- the definite article la . The usage of la is similar to that of "the" in English. La is the same for singular and plural and for all genders. There is no indefinite articles in mondeza. If we want to emphasize one, we can use the numeral un. If we want to emphasize indefinite, we can use the indefinite pronoun iu. For example: Ze doni la libro al mi. ( Give me the book.) Ze doni un libro al mi. ( Give me a book.) Nouns in mondeza, Nouns in the singular end in -o: libro= book, domo= house. Verbs act as nouns ending in -i, within context: La lovi, per aski etc The plural of a noun is made by adding pi before the singular: pi libro= books, pi domo= houses. la bela pi libro= the beautiful books Note: The plural form is optional, for example: tri domo = tri pi domo . A noun can function as: 1. The subject of a verb: Tomo ia arivi= Tom arrived. 2. The complement of the verb esi: Tomo esi worki ro.= Tom is a worker. 3.The object of a verb: Mi ia vidi Tomo.= I saw Tom. 4. The object of a preposition: Mi ia diri al Tomo.= I spoke to Tom. In mondezo, most word roots are male. For example, bovo= bull, bovo ino=cow, bovo ido=calf, bovo yo=beef. Adjectives Adjectives end in -a: guda=good, biga=big. Adjectives in mondezo have the same form for singular and plural, masculine and feminine nouns: biga domo = a big house biga pi domo = big houses guda kido =a good boy; guda kido ino =a good girl Adjectives may be placed either before or after the noun which they qualify. For example, guda libro or libro guda. Comparison: Adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives by putting mor and mos before the positive: mor alta = taller mos alta = tallest mor interesa =more interesting mos interesa = most interesting les= less; list=least Adverbs Adverbs indicate the way in which an action is done. In mondezo, adverbs are mostly derived from adjectives by putting te after adj. Examples: guda=good, guda te=well, vera=true, vera te=truly. Adverbs respond to the question Kiel (How). Examples: kiel yi fari? How do you do? Bona, danki yi! Fine, thank you! Correlative adverbs mondezo English Ial for some reason Iel somehow Iam sometime Ie somewhere Iom some quantity Kial why Kiel how Kiam when Kie where Kiom how much Tial therefore Tiel that way Tiam at that time Tie in that place Tiom that much Cial for every reason Ciel by all means Ciam for ever Cie everywhere Ciom all quantities Nial for no reason Niel in no way Niam never Nie nowhere Niom nothing Other Adverbs: mondezo English anke also apene hardly ayn any balde soon even even for off jus just mose at most liste at least mor more mos most les less list least ne no nun now nur only ofte often plu further preske almost seldom seldom tre very tro too tuy at once yam already yes yes yet yet Verbs Verbs in the infinitive and present and verb used as noun end in -i: iri=to go, (I) go, going), vidi=to see. The present tense is formed by placing -i: iri=go, vidi=see. The past tense is formed by preceding ia: ia iri=went, ia vidi=saw. The future tense is formed preceding va: va iri=will go, va vidi=will see. The conditional uses the ending -uz: If mi esi uz yi.=If I were you. The imperative particle is ze: Ze sidi!=Sit down! Ze veni!=Come! The active present participle uses the ending -na: flugi na birdo =flying bird legi na studi ro=a student who is reading. The ending - ta gives the passive participle: libro legi ta= a book that is being read. For example, if we already know: Ciu morna te mi legi jurnalo je la 8-u. (Every morning I read newspapers at eight o'clock) Then we can derive the following sentences: Hiere je la 7-u mi ia esi legi na jurnalo. Morge je la 7-u mi va esi legi na jurnalo. Notes: 1.It is possible to build various compound tenses but simple forms are preferred. 2. The conditional and imperative endings are optional. Pronouns Personal pronouns: mondezo English mi I yi you (singular) hi he xi she ji it mu we yu you (plural) lu they (the plural of he, she or it) oni one(iu); oni diri= one says Possessive adjectives are formed by adding the ending -a to the personal pronouns: mia=my, hia=his, mua=our, hua=their; onia domo= someone's home Possessive pronouns are formed by adding la before the possessive adjectives: la mia=mine, la xia=hers, la mua=ours, la hua=theirs Reflexive pronouns: (personal pronoun )+self: miself=myself hiself=himself miself=ourselves huself=themselves Correlative pronouns mondezo English Io something Iu somebody Ia some kind of Ius somebody's Kio what Kiu who Kia what kind of Kius whose Tio that thing Tiu that person Tia that kind of Tius that person's Cio everything Ciu each one Cia every kind of Cius everybody's ni nothing Niu nobody Nia no kind of Nius nobody's ka de posesive(joe's house=Joe ka domo Numerals Cardinal numbers Arabic mondezo 1 un 2 bi 3 tri 4 kwar 5 kwin 6 siks 7 sep 8 ok 9 nef 10 dek 11 dek-un 12 dek-bi 13 dek-tri 20 bidek 21 bidek-un 22 bidek-bi 30 tridek 33 tridek-tri 40 kwardek 100 cent 101 cent-un 110 cent-dek 123 cent-bidek-tri 234 bicent-tridek-kwar 1000 mil 1234 mil-bicent-tridek-kwar 10000 dek-mil 23456 bidek-trimil-kwarcent-kwindek-siks 100000 cent-mil 1000000 miliono 1000000000 bilinono Ordinal numbers Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the ending -u to the cardinal numbers: unu=first, biu=second, triu=third. Prepositions mondezo English Al to, towards Alen into En in Sur on Super over Ante before anta in front of Pos after Sub under or below Inter between Apud beside Cirkum around Ekster outside El from Krom besides Eksept except Dum during Ce at Ye on, in Je at, on Til until Kum with Sen without Per by De of eke start to[ eke parli= start to talk Ekde since For off Por for Pro because of Pri about, on Tra through Trans across Konter against Da (quantitative prep.) Insted instead of Law according to Spite in spite of Versus versus Ep up Dawn down Conjunctions mondezo English ay and car because do then dum during if if ke that kwankam although kwaz quasi nek...nor neither...nor ne nur...sed anke not only...but also or or sed but tamen nevertheless tial therefore til until Interjections mondezo English caw, al re vidi Good bye Adiu! Adieu! Ah! Ah! Ho ve! Alas! Hu ra! Hurrah! Helo! Hello! Hey! Hey! Fi! Fie! Mm. Mm. Okey, ok! Okay! Ve! Alas! Conjunctions and interjections have no fixed word-endings. Syntax In mondezo, the basic word order is: subject + verb + object In order to transform the affirmative sentences (He is a teacher.) into interrogative sentences (Is he a teacher?) in mondezo it is not necessary to change the word order. There is no inversion in mondezo, so we simply put the particle "Cu " at the beginning of the affirmative sentence. This particle is not translated since it is equivalent to a question mark. In this way we know, in writing as well as in speaking, that we are dealing with a question. Active voice: La kato manji la muso. (The cat eats the mouse.) Passive voice: La muso esi manjata de la kato. (The mouse is eaten by the cat.) Interrogative: Cu la kato manji la muso? (Does the cat eat the mouse?) Prefixes
* ante-: fore, before.
* brako=arm, antaw brako=forearm
* sen-: without.
* lima=limited, sen lima=unlimited
* ne-: not.
* necesa=necessary, ne necesa=unnecessary
* eke: begin.
* worki=work, eke worki= begin to work
* re-: again.
* legi=read, re legi=reread
* mise: not correct.
* kompreni=understand, mise kompreni=misunderstand
* bo-: kinship.
* filo=son, bo filo= son-in-law patro=father, bo patro= father-in-law
* stepa: successor.
* patro=father, stepa patro=stepfather
* pre-: previous.
* matura= mature, pre matura= premature, pre tago= yesterday Suffixes A suffix is a particle that is placed at the end of the words to make others with related meanings. In mondezo we use plenty of suffixes since, by remembering one word, we can form many others.
* -yo-: thing.
* manji=eat, manji yo=food . havi=have, pi havi yo= belongings
* -an-: member.
* Ameriko=America, Ameriko ano= an American . urbo=city, urbo ano=citizen
* -ri: place.
* libro=book, libro ri=bookshop . worki=work, worki ri- factory
* -to-: character.
* amiko= friend, amiko to= friendship
* -or: male .
* yuna=young, yuna ro=youth . eduki=teach, eduki ro=teacher
* -ni: female.
* kido=child, kido ni= girl . bovo=ox, bovo ni= cow
* -ism-: doctrine.
* Budo=Budha, Budo ismo= Budhism . libero=liberty, libero ismo= liberalism
* -ist-: person of -ism.
* sienco=science, sienco isto=scientist
* -lo-: tool.
* ludi=play, ludi lo=plaything
* -iz-: to make become.
* pura=clean, pura zi=to clear. moderna=modern, moderna zi=modernize
* -is-: to become.
* tago=day, tago si=daybreak
* -ege: big.
* domo=house, ege domo=mansion
* -ete: small.
* lafi=laugh, ete lafi=smile. rivo=river, ete rivo=stream
* -li-: worthy.
* lovi=love, lovi li=lovable
* -bila-: capable,possible.
* legi=read, legi bila= legible . awdi=hear, awdi bila=audible
* - za: full.
* kromo=color, kromo za=colorful
* -ma: tendency.
* eksplodi=explode, eksplodi ma=explosive. parli=talk, parli ma=talkative
* Examples (Mondeza)
* Koko (Mondeza)
* Prediri (Mondeza)
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