| abstract
| - Gnathocera Provancher 1882: 232/ 1883: 689, 716 Type species: Gnathocera cephalica Provancher [= Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata Say] (Not Gnathocera Kirby 1825; Coleoptera.) Ceratias Robertson 1903: 172. Type species: Megachile pugnata Say. (Not Ceratias Kroy 1845 [fish].) Sayapis Titus 1905: 154. New name for Gnathocera and Ceratias. Megachile (Sayapis Mitchell 1934: 298, 308. Eumegachile (Sayapis) Mitchell 1980: 46 & 51-55. Durante & Diaz 1996: 327. Of the 30 species in the subgenus, 6 are restricted to North America. The 24 neotropical species range from Mexico to Argentina including the West Indies. M. dentipes has been recorded from U.S.A. to Argentina and M. zaptlana from Mexico and Jamaica to Paraguay. With such unusually wide distributions more than one species may be present under each name.
* 1. Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans Cockerell Megachile addubitans Cockerell 1931c: 537-538. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16268. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans : Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K). DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.
* 2. Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein 1953b: 22-24. Male. Type locality: South Bimini Island, Bahamas, 6 August 1951 (C. and P. Vaurie). Type repository: AMNH. Examined. DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMAS: Bimini, Concepcion Island.
* 3. Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis Strand Megachile bernadinensis Strand 1910: 527. Male. Type locality: San Bernardino, Paraguay (Fiebrig). Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
* 4. Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa Friese Megachile bigibbosa Friese 1908a: 66. Female. Type locality: Tucuman, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile cylindrica forma bigibbosa : Schrottky 1913b: 247. Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K); Jörgensen 1912a: 125 (T); 132 (K). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU. PREDATORS. Coelioxys litoralis.
* 5. Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante Eumegachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante 1996: 329. Female. Type locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP. Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 33. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.
* 6. Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana Mitchell Megachile cruziana Mitchell 1930: 181-182. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 450 m. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana : Mitchell 1934: 301. DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz.
* 7. Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure 1943: 178. Female. Type locality: [Curitiba, Brazil] not cited by author. Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR.
* 8. Megachile (Sayapis) curtipilis Vachal Megachile curtipilis Vachal 1909: 11. Male. Type locality: Urubamba, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) curtipilis : Raw 2002 # 7: 32. DISTRIBUTION. PERU: CUSCO- Urubamba.
* 9. Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica Friese Megachile cylindrica Friese 1906: 96. Female. Type locality: Santa Rosa, Argentina. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica : Moure 1943: 177 (D), Raw 2002 # 7: 34. Eumegachile (Sayapis) cylindrica : Durante & Diaz 1996: 329. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 66 (D, R-F); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (D); Jörgensen 1912a: 125-126 (D, L, N, P, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 309 (P). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU. BRAZIL: SP- Batatais. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly late October to end of March. NESTING. Nests in galls on Duvana dependens. Cells built of mud and leaves cut from Caesalpinia, Cassia aphylla and Larrea. PREDATORS. Coelioxys laudabilis, C. litoralis.
* 10. Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes Vachal Megachile dentipes Vachal 1909: 12. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Megachile melochiae Schrottky 1913a: 205-206. Male. Type locality: Encarnacion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1942: 307 (D). Megachile poculifera Cockerell 1919: 217. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Baker). Type repository: USNM 21687. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 182-183 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes : Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile ypirangensis Moure 1941: 94. (Not Schrottky 1913a: 194). Synonymy of Moure 1953: 122. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 132 (D), 134 (K); Cockerell 1914b: 427-428 (R-M); 1923b: 1 (D); 1924: 548 (D as M. poculifera); 1928: 171 (D); 1932: 12-13 (D, K); Mitchell 1937c: 178-180 (D, R-M); Moure 1942: 307 (D); Michener 1954: 101-102 (D, F, L); Hurd 1979: 2070 (D); Martins 1994: 230; Zanella 2000: 591 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D); Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D); Zanella 2003: 234 (D). Rebêlo et al 2003: 274 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CO, ME, MI. BRAZIL: BA- Casa Nova; GO- Goiânia; MA- Alcântara; MG; MS- Salobra; MT; PB- São João de Cariri; PR- Paranaí, Ponta Grossa; RJ- Niteroi; RN- Serra Negra do Norte; RS- Estejo; SP- Itápolis. MEXICO: Guaymas; VC; YU- Chichenitza, Medellin. PANAMA: Old Panamá, Panamá City; Balboa. PARAGUAY: Encarnacion. PERU: HUANUCO- Tingo Maria (670m). U.S.A.: TX. FLOWERS. Triplaris. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly from December to March. I believe there are two or more sibling species recorded under the name of dentipes.
* 11. Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis Cresson Megachile frugalis Cresson 1872: 266. Male. Type locality: Texas (G.W. Belfrage). Type repository: USNM 1780. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis : Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile frugalis atrescens : Cockerell 1931c: 537. Male. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan [Mexico] (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16264. DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA. There are four subspecies, one of which reaches the Neotropics. MEXICO: BC. CO; YU. U.S.A.: AZ. U.S.A.: PA, NJ south to FL west to TX, AZ and southern CA (Mojave Desert; Los Angeles); CO. FLOWERS. Visits 9 genera of plants. Asclepias tuberosa, Croton, Erigeron, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Helianthus, Lotus, Marrubium vulgare, Monarda puncata, Opuntia, Parkinsonia, Perezia microcephala, Tephrosia virginiana, Verbesina encelioides.
* 12. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica Cresson Megachile inimica Cresson 1872: 267. Female. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type repository: ANSP 2459. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica : Mitchell 1934: 301. Robertson 1897: 350 (R-F) considered M. (Sayapis) inimica Cresson and . (Sayapis) sayi Cresson to be synonyms. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1878: 120 (T); 1916: 120 (T); Cockerell 1903b: 215 (D, F); 1905: 308 (D, F); 1905a: 308 (D as M. heterodonta); Graenicher 1930: 162-163 (D, F, L); Mitchell 1937c: 189-192 (D, F, L, R- FM); Krombein 1967: 332-334 (L, N); Hurd 1979: 2071 (D, F). FLOWERS. Polylectic, visits 38 genera including many Compositae and Leguminosae. Arctium, Aster, Bidens, Blephilia, Brauneria, Cephalanthus, Chrysopsis mariana, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cleome, Coreopsis stellata, Gilia, Gutierrezia californica, Haplopappus, Helenium, Helianthus petiolaris, Heliopsis helianthoides, Heterotheca, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Lepachys, Liatris, Lythrum, Marrubium vulgare, Melilotus alba, Penstemon, Petalostemon, Pycanthanemum, Rudbeckia, Silphium, Solidago, Strophostyles, Teucrium, Verbena macdougali, Verbesina encelioides, Vernonia fasciculata, V. glauca, Vicia, Viguiera, Zexmenia. Bidens leucantha, Borrichia frutescens, Crotalaria pumila, Chrysothamnus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Haplopappus arborescens, Heterotheca grandiflora, Grindelia camporum, Senecio douglasii, Solidago. LIFE HISTORY. In southern Florida adults fly from early February to May and in November. There are three subspecies, two of them confined to the nearctic. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Cresson Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Mitchell 1962: 174-176 (D, F, L, R-FM). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L, N, P); Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. U.S.A.: FL to TX & AZ. MEXICO. GUATEMALA. FLOWERS. Visits 16 genera including Achyranthes, Avicennia, Bidens leucantha, Borrichia frutescens, Coccoloba, Crotalaria pumila, Helenium, Heliopsis, Heterotheca, Lacinaria punctata, Melilotus, Ocimum, Salvia ballotaeflora, Sphaeralcea, Vitex negundo, Ximensia encelioides. NESTING. Nests in holes in mesquite trees and fence posts. Also uses trap-nests. Lines nest with leaves of Monisia pallida and plugs entrance with agglutinated sand. [Frohlich & Parker 1983: 196-197 state that this subspecies does not line its cells.] PREDATOR. Melittobia chalybii. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from February to April. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F). Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L, N, P).
* 13. Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata Cockerell Megachile laqueata Cockerell 1919: 220. Female. Type locality: Ecuador (C.F. Baker). Type repository: USNM 21691. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
* 14. Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana Cockerell Megachile cornuta Smith 1879: 78. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type repository: NHML 17a2459. Examined. Synonymy of Cockerell 1914b: 428. (Not M. cornuta Latreille 1805. Europe [= Osmia cornuta (Latreille) 1809.) Megachile mendozana Cockerell 1907: 50. New name for M. cornuta Smith. Megachile rhinoceros Friese 1908a: 68. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina (Burmeister). Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912a: 128, Cockerell 1914b: 428 and Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. (Not M. rhinoceros Mocsary 1892: 131. China.] Megachile verticalis : Friese 1920: 52. New name for M. rhinoceros Friese. Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Moure 1943: 176-177 (K). Raw 2002 # 7: 33. Eumegachile (Sayapis) mendozana : Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K as M. cornuta); 1917b: 240 (D); 1919: 218 (D); Friese 1906: 97 (D); 1908a: 63- 64 (K), 68 (D, R-M, T); Jensen-Haarup 1908: 106 (F); Jörgensen 1909: 215 (F, L); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (F); Strand 1909: 234 (D); Vachal 1909: 16 (K as M. rhinoceros). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME- Chacras de Coria; ST; Carcarana, Santa Rosa. PARAGUAY. FLOWERS. Anthemis cotula, Bidens leucantha, Circium lanceolatum, Hoffmannseggia falcaria, Hyalis argentea. Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to mid May.
* 15. Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps Cockerell Megachile mutaticeps Cockerell 1923a: 457-458. Female. Type locality: Berbice, Courantyne Coast, British Guiana, Aug 1915 (Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2436. Examined. Megachile (Ptilosarus) mutaticeps : Michener 1954: 103 (D, L). (Erroneous listing). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cheesman 1929: 145 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. PANAMA: Taboga Is. GUYANA: Berbice. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in September. NESTING. Nests in abandoned borings in timber.
* 16. Megachile (Sayapis) obdurata Mitchell Megachile obdurata Mitchell 1930: 180-181. Male. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay, 1 January 1923. Type repository: Meyer. Megachile (Sayapis) obdurata : Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Viana and Alves Santos 2002: 12 (D). DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.
* 17. Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure 1943: 179-180. Female. Type locality: Batatais, São Paulo, Brazil (860 m). Type repository: UFPR. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
* 18. Megachile (Sayapis) planula Vachal Megachile planula Vachal 1908: 228. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: MNHN. [Type lost ?] Megachile coelioxoides Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female ? Type locality: Puerto Beroni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. (Sayapis) coelioxoides Cresson 1878.) Synonymy of Durante & Diaz 1993: 94. Megachile coelioxiformis : Schrottky 1910: 540. New name for M. coelioxoides Schrottky. Megachile polyodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29086. Examined. Synonymy of Moure 1948: 323 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxiformis : Mitchell 1943: 664. Raw 2002 # 7: 34. Eumegachile (Sayapis) planula : Durante & Diaz 1996: 331. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 142 & 150 (K), 180-181 (D, R-FM); Mitchell 1930: 282 (D); Moure 1942: 312 (D, R-M); 1948: 323 (D); 1953: 122 (D); Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI; TU- Tacanas. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí; MS- Corumbá; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra (MZSP); PR- Foz de Iguaçú. PARAGUAY:- Puerto Beroni.
* 19. Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella Strand Megachile quadrispinosella Strand 1910: 526-527. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay, November-December 1904. Type repository: Unknown. Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Asuncion. 20. Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante Eumegachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante 1996: 334. Female. Type locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP. Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.
* 21. Megachile (Sayapis) squalens Haliday Megachile squalens Haliday 1836: 320. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2477. Examined. Schrottky (1913a: 195) and Mitchell (1930: 240) considered M. (Moureapis) apicipennis (q.v.) Schrottky to be a synonym. Megachile (Leptorachis) squalens : Mitchell 1943b: 663. Megachile (Pseudocentron) squalens : Moure 1947: 231-232 (D). Megachile (Sayapis) squalens : Raw 2002 # 7: 34. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 195-197 (D, R-F); Moure 1942: 309 (D); Michener 1954: 100 (D, L). DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST- Rio Carapari. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; RS; SC- Colônia Hansa; SP- Guaicurús, Ipiranga. PANAMA: Colon, Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Tapyta. LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in April.
* 22. Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta Vachal Megachile suspecta Vachal 1909: 12-13. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta : Raw 2002 # 7: 35. DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
* 23. Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis Schrottky Megachile ypirangensis Schrottky 1913a: 194-195. Female. Type locality: Ipiranga, São Paulo [Brazil]. Type repository: MZSP. Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis : Mitchell 1943b: 664. Raw 2002 # 7: 35. Eumegachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis : Durante & Diaz 1996: 330. DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
* 24. Megachile (Sayapis) zaptlana Cresson Megachile zaptlana Cresson 1878: 130. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2436. Examined. Megachile (Sayapis) : zaptlana Mitchell 1934: 301. Megachile (Chelostomoides) : zaptlana Michener 1953: 1058-1059 (D, M, N). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 134 (T); Cheesman 1929: 145 (D); Mitchell 1930: 184 (D); Michener 1954: 102 (D, L); Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (N, P); Raw 1984b: 502 (L, N, P); 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M, N, P); Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena -Rio Frio. JAMAICA: CA; CL; EL; MA; a lowland species. MEXICO: CH; JA; NA; MI; OA; PU; QR; SI; SO; VC. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Farfan, Patilla Point; Panamá- Camaron, Taboga Is. PARAGUAY: Villarrica. FLOWERS. Bidens pilosa, Cassia emarginata, Cosmos sulphurea, Prosopis chilensis and species of Emilia and Heliotropium. NESTING. In Jamaica bees nested in disused beetle burrows (129 nests found in a single fence post). Nests averaged 5.7 cells each and cells averaged 19.9 mm long and 9.8 mm wide. Intercellular partitions were built, but the long walls of the cells were not lined. In Panamá nested in mound of Amitermes foreli Wasmann [cited as A. medius]. LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from September to March in Panamá and from June to November (Jamaica). Males fly around nest sites and flowers of Bidens pilosa apparently searching for females. PREDATORS. In Jamaica, mortality of young in nests ranged from 28% in the presence of Anthrax irroratus to 58% in the presence of Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis. Other predators in Jamaica are Amobia floridensis, Suidasia and Crematogaster. Nasutitermes also kills the nest occupants. MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.
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