rdfs:comment
| - Tientsin, in 1900, consisted of two adjacent, but very different sub-divisions. To the northwest was the ancient high-walled Chinese city, one mile () on each side. Southeast, one to two miles away, along the Hai River, was the treaty port and foreign settlements. About one million Chinese lived within the walled city or in satellite communities outside the wall. In the foreign settlements resided 700 foreign civilians, mostly European merchants and missionaries, along with tens of thousands of Chinese servants, employees, and businessmen. Among the civilians living in the foreign settlement were Herbert Hoover, a future President of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover. A low mud wall, less than 10 feet tall, surrounded at a distance of several hundred yards both higher walls
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abstract
| - Tientsin, in 1900, consisted of two adjacent, but very different sub-divisions. To the northwest was the ancient high-walled Chinese city, one mile () on each side. Southeast, one to two miles away, along the Hai River, was the treaty port and foreign settlements. About one million Chinese lived within the walled city or in satellite communities outside the wall. In the foreign settlements resided 700 foreign civilians, mostly European merchants and missionaries, along with tens of thousands of Chinese servants, employees, and businessmen. Among the civilians living in the foreign settlement were Herbert Hoover, a future President of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover. A low mud wall, less than 10 feet tall, surrounded at a distance of several hundred yards both higher walls of the old city city and the foreign settlements. In early June 1900, in response to the growing threat of the Boxers, a militant, anti-foreign and anti-Christian peasant movement, six countries with interests in China sent 2,400 troops to Tientsin to guard the foreign settlements. Another 2,000 were with Admiral Seymour along the railway line between Tientsin and Peking, attempting to march to Peking to protect the foreign community there. The allied military force was composed of soldiers, sailors, and marines from Great Britain, America, Japan, France, Russia and Germany. Italy and Austria-Hungary were members of the Eight-Nation Alliance but had only a few soldiers in China. With so many nationalities among the Allied force no overall commander was appointed. Leadership was collective.
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