The Catholic Church opposed Galileo because they interpreted the bible verse "O sun, stand still over Gibeon, O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon." (Joshau 10:12) literally. It was common sense that a bible verse regarding nature and physics was to be interpreted literally unless it was proven otherwise. Since Galileo could not conclusively prove his point (that the earth moves around a stationary sun) and only had strong evidence for it, the church sought to prohibit the publication of his ideas. (Of course the conflict was much more complicated and involved a LOT of politics. For more see here.)
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