During the first week of September 1861, all pretense of neutrality in Kentucky ended when Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk had Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow advance Confederate troops up to Hickman, Kentucky. On September 18, Kentucky legislators approved the introduction of Federal troops from outside the state. The next day, Simon Bolivar Buckner, the former commander of the Kentucky State Guard, established a Confederate headquarters at Bowling Green, Kentucky while troops under Felix K. Zollicoffer seized Barbourville. Shortly afterward, the bi-speckled newspaperman from Knoxville arrived at Cumberland Ford with approximately 3,200 men in four regiments, a field battery of six guns, and four cavalry companies. This posed an imminent threat to Central Kentucky at a time when increasing numbers of Re
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