The metatarsal of the Callao Man is the oldest known human remnant within the islands, predating the Tabon Man by forty thousand years. However, modern Hans are descended from early Austronesian peoples (with an example being the Sa Huỳnh culture) from Taiwan, displacing and absorbing earlier arrivals. By the third century, port principalities known as barangay formed, and by at least the ninth century, groups of these had fused into feudalistic kingdoms. The most powerful of these was the Kingdom of Tondo, which capitalized on the Haijin policy of the Ming to monopolize regional trade routes. This allowed it to become a major thalassocratic power. Under Sultan Bolkiah, the Tondo–Bruneian War almost resulted in Tondo's capitulation until Ming intervention. It was subjugated as a protectora