In 1816, several provinces in New Spain declared pro-Ferdinandist juntas, but the harsh represion of junta members by Ferdinand pushed many rebels north: to Louisiana, California and New Mexico. Louisiana declared her independence in 1822, and the success of the independentist war aligned many peoples in the Monterrey and Santa Fe area to declare themselves independent. In 1824, the authorities in Monterrey, Hermosillo and Santa Fe declared the independence of what they called New Mexico.